LaTeX:Symbols
This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols.
Operators
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \pm |  | \mp |  | \times
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 | \div |  | \cdot |  | \ast
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 | \star |  | \dagger |  | \ddagger
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 | \amalg |  | \cap |  | \cup
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 | \uplus |  | \sqcap |  | \sqcup
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 | \vee |  | \wedge |  | \oplus
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 | \ominus |  | \otimes |  | \circ
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 | \bullet |  | \diamond |  | \lhd
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 | \rhd |  | \unlhd |  | \unrhd
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 | \oslash |  | \odot |  | \bigcirc
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 | \triangleleft |  | \Diamond |  | \bigtriangleup
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 | \bigtriangledown |  | \Box |  | \triangleright
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 | \setminus |  | \wr
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\sqrt{x}
Relations
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \le |  | \ge |  | \neq
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 | \sim |  | \ll |  | \gg
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 | \doteq |  | \simeq |  | \subset
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 | \supset |  | \approx |  | \asymp
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 | \subseteq |  | \supseteq |  | \cong
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 | \smile |  | \sqsubset |  | \sqsupset
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 | \equiv |  | \frown |  | \sqsubseteq
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 | \sqsupseteq |  | \propto |  | \bowtie
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 | \in |  | \ni |  | \prec
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 | \succ |  | \vdash |  | \dashv
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 | \preceq |  | \succeq |  | \models
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 | \perp |  | \parallel | | \|
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 | \mid
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Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting
\not before the symbol, or by slipping an n between the \ and the word.
Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many
of the others as well.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \nmid |  | \nleq |  | \ngeq
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 | \nsim |  | \ncong |  | \nparallel
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 | \not< |  | \not> |  | \not=
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 | \not\le |  | \not\ge |  | \not\sim
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 | \not\approx |  | \not\cong |  | \not\equiv
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 | \not\parallel |  | \nless |  | \ngtr
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 | \lneq |  | \gneq |  | \lnsim
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 | \lneqq |  | \gneqq
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To use other relations not listed here, such as =, >, and <, in LaTeX, you may just use the symbols on your keyboard.
Greek Letters
Lowercase Letters
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \alpha |  | \beta |  | \gamma |  | \delta
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 | \epsilon |  | \varepsilon |  | \zeta |  | \eta
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 | \theta |  | \vartheta |  | \iota |  | \kappa
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 | \lambda |  | \mu |  | \nu |  | \xi
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 | \pi |  | \varpi |  | \rho |  | \varrho
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 | \sigma |  | \varsigma |  | \tau |  | \upsilon
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 | \phi |  | \varphi |  | \chi |  | \psi
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 | \omega
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Capital Letters
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \Gamma |  | \Delta |  | \Theta |  | \Lambda
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 | \Xi |  | \Pi |  | \Sigma |  | \Upsilon
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 | \Phi |  | \Psi |  | \Omega
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Headline text
Arrows
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \gets |  | \to
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 | \leftarrow |  | \Leftarrow
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 | \rightarrow |  | \Rightarrow
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 | \leftrightarrow |  | \Leftrightarrow
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 | \mapsto |  | \hookleftarrow
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 | \leftharpoonup |  | \leftharpoondown
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 | \rightleftharpoons |  | \longleftarrow
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 | \Longleftarrow |  | \longrightarrow
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 | \Longrightarrow |  | \longleftrightarrow
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 | \Longleftrightarrow |  | \longmapsto
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 | \hookrightarrow |  | \rightharpoonup
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 | \rightharpoondown |  | \leadsto
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 | \uparrow |  | \Uparrow
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 | \downarrow |  | \Downarrow
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 | \updownarrow |  | \Updownarrow
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 | \nearrow |  | \searrow
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 | \swarrow |  | \nwarrow
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Dots
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \ldots 2 |  | \vdots |  | \cdots 2 |  | \ddots
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(The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)
Accents
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \hat{x} |  | \check{x} |  | \dot{x}
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 | \breve{x} |  | \acute{x} |  | \ddot{x}
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 | \grave{x} |  | \tilde{x} |  | \mathring{x}
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 | \bar{x} |  | \vec{x}
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When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \vec{\jmath} |  | \tilde{\imath}
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\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \widehat{3+x} |  | \widetilde{abc}
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Others
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
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 | \infty |  | \triangle |  | \angle
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 | \aleph |  | \hbar |  | \imath
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 | \jmath |  | \ell |  | \wp
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 | \Re |  | \Im |  | \mho
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 | \prime |  | \emptyset |  | \nabla
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 | \surd |  | \partial |  | \top
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 | \bot |  | \vdash |  | \dashv
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 | \forall |  | \exists |  | \neg
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 | \flat |  | \natural |  | \sharp
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 | \backslash |  | \Box |  | \Diamond
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 | \clubsuit |  | \diamondsuit |  | \heartsuit
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 | \spadesuit |  | \Join |  | \blacksquare
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 | \S |  | \P |  | \copyright
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 | \pounds
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Command Symbols
Some symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
|
$$ | \$ |  | \& |  | \% |  | \#
|
 | \_ |  | \{ |  | \} |  | \backslash
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European Language Symbols
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
|
 | {\oe} |  | {\ae} |  | {\aa} |  | {\o}
|
 | {\OE} |  | {\AE} |  | {\AA} |  | {\O}
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 | {\l} |  | {\ss} |  | !`
|
 | {\L} |  | {\SS} |  | ?`
|
Bracketing Symbols
In mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets
or braces or parentheses. Some of these work just as you'd imagine in
LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and |
for absolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
|
 | \{ |  | \} |  | \|
|
 | \backslash |  | \lfloor |  | \rfloor
|
 | \lceil |  | \rceil |  | \langle
|
 | \rangle
|
You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like
- (\frac{a}{x} )^2
the parentheses don't come out the right size:
If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:
- \left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
gives
\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
|
 | \uparrow |  | \downarrow |  | \updownarrow
|
 | \Uparrow |  | \Downarrow |  | \Updownarrow
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Multi-Size Symbols
Some symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display
mode Display mode occurs when you use \[...\] or $$...$$, or
environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation},
\begin{align}...\end{align}. Read more in the
commands
section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and
below the symbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.
In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode.
Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command | Symbol | Command
|
 | \sum |  | \int |  | \oint
|
 | \prod |  | \coprod |  | \bigcap
|
 | \bigcup |  | \bigsqcup |  | \bigvee
|
 | \bigwedge |  | \bigodot |  | \bigotimes
|
 | \bigoplus |  | \biguplus
|
Examples
- x^y is the same as x^{y}, producing
.
- x_y is the same as x_{y}, producing
.
- However, x^10 is not the same as x^{10}. The former produces
instead of
.
See Also
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